Solar Energy
What are PV (photovoltaics) solar panels?
Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert the sun´s energy into electricity using solar panels. This process is clean, silent and pollution free. The solar energy is then converted into utility grade electricity to be used in the Home.
Having solar power for homes reduces the need to purchase utility electricity, and in the event that the PV electricity is more than what the home requires, the excess can be sent back to the utility and credited.
Every year the supply of PV collectors has to increase 20-30% in order to keep up with the worldwide demand for this renewable energy.
PV modules are usually rigid devices, usually in rectangular shape ranging in size from 2´ by 4´ to 4´by 8´. These modules have a glass cover and have been tested to survive storms, hail and progressive degradation by ultraviolet rays. They are most frequently installed on roofs, but they can also be installed on a pole or on more sophisticated sun tracking structures that change their angle following the sun, like a sunflower would. There are also flexible PV panels that can be as big as 2´ by 20´ or more. These ones have a very durable film cover to protect them.
Residential PV systems need to be used alongside utility power. The excess of electricity produced during the peak hours of the sun, can be fed back into the utility line, while the utility electricity can be used when there is more demand in the home than the solar panel can supply, especially during a cloudy day or at night time.
Depending on the efficiency of the PV technology used, most residential PV panels have a power production between 1,200-5,000 watts and require an installation area of 150-1,000 square feet.
PV modules (or solar electric collectors) are different from solar thermal collectors (that convert the sun’s energy into thermal (typically hot water) energy.
Some disadvantages of PV solar collectors
Photovoltaic panels are the traditional solar energy systems most frequently seen installed anywhere in the Northern Hemisphere. They are solar thermal systems with a fixed position, designed to transform solar energy into electricity based on the input of “one sun”. Therefore the performance of PV degrades when the ambient temperature rises more than 35°C (95°F). This is why PV solar panels installed in tropical climates need to be 25% larger to perform the same as in more temperate climates. Most PV panels achieve a 12% conversion efficiency converting solar energy into electricity.
Although efficient, PV panels also have a margin of error called the “cosine error”. This is caused by the fact that the collectors are usually pointed south and tilted at an angle equal to the latitude. This orientation grants a maximum sunlight gathering at noon time and still receives sunlight in the morning and afternoon. Nevertheless, the angle during morning and afternoon times becomes more and more acute and the collector is not such an accurate target anymore. Moreover, if the PV is customized for the solstices of spring and autumn, it will collect less sun during the winter season –when the sun is lower in the sky–, and during the summer season when it is higher in the sky.
CSP (Concentrated Solar Power)
Concentrated Solar Power– or “CSP”–, is the type of solar power that concentrates sunlight into a small area, creating the heat that will generate electricity. CSP uses reflectors or mirrors to focus concentrated sun energy on a specific area. It acts like a magnifying lens whose target is to heat fluids that will be turned into steam. This steam will drive a steam turbine that will generate electricity. CSP is compatible with the conventional power generators in the sense that instead of using ¨fossil fuels like oil and coal” it uses solar energy.
CPS systems are the cheapest solar energy systems in the market. Many CPS power plants are running in the USA and other countries.
Many new studies and initiatives are being undertaken in order to further reduce the costs of solar power, with the objective that in time, it will compete with the costs of conventional power plants.
CSP solar energy is just one of many methods of generating alternative energy on a broad scale.
There are three basic types of solar thermal power systems:
a) The Parabolic Trough
The parabolic trough collector has a parabolic-shaped reflector that focuses the rays of the sun into a receiver pipe. These collectors tilt with the sun as a giant sun flower, making sure that the sun is constantly shining on the receiver. Because of the parabolic shape, it can focus the sun at many times its normal concentration ratio, achieving operating temperatures over 750F.
A “solar field” consists of many rows of solar parabolic trough collectors aligned north/south. The heat transfer fluid heats up as it circulates through the receiver pipes and reaches the “heat exchangers” in the central location. There the fluid flows trough pipes and transfers heat to water which generates hot steam. This steam is fed to a steam turbine and the generator produces electricity. As the fluid passes through the heat exchangers it is refrigerated and re circulated thru the solar field to be reheated. These big plants are designed to operate fully with solar energy. Nevertheless, they can feed from the conventional power lines when there are low solar periods or cloudy days.
b) Solar Dish
The solar dish system uses concentrating solar collectors that track the sun rays, always pointing at the sun and concentrating the solar energy at the focal point of the dish. The concentration ratio is much higher than the trough, reaching a fluid temperature over 1380F.
Another example of broad scale solar power production is the use of solar towers. These towers use an assortment of moving mirrors (called heliostats) to continuously reflect sunlight toward a central area at the top of the tower. The heliostats are set up so that they move with the movement of the sun, thus maintaining optimal reflecting power.
c) Solar Power Towers.
Mounted on a tall tower, the central heat exchanger receives concentrated solar power from hundreds or thousands of heliostats or sun-tracking mirrors that reflect and concentrate the sun’s energy as much as 1,500 times the energy coming from the sun. Energy losses from transporting the thermal energy are minimised as the solar power is transferred by reflection directly from the heliostats to the single receiver.
The larger the solar power tower, the more economical it will be.




